Trojan horses? usaid, counter-terrorism and Africa's police
The purpose of US foreign assistance has shifted in the wake of 2001, and Washington has resurrected practices previously associated with police aid during the Cold War. In particular, the Bush administration has broadened the remit of the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) i...
Understanding India’s increased counter terrorism relations with Saudi Arabia and the UAE
This paper explores an under-researched area of India’s security relations with nations in West Asia. Counter Terrorism (CT) Cooperation between India and the Gulf nations has strengthened remarkably over the past five years after a prolonged period of limited cooperation on this critical issu...
Unknown knowns: the subjugated knowledge of terrorism studies
This article employs Foucault’s concept of ‘subjugated knowledges’ to explore forms of knowledge which provide explanations of the nature, causes and solutions to terrorism and political violence, but which have been suppressed and silenced within the terrorism studies field. Subjugated knowl...
Victims of ETA’s terrorism as an interest group: Evolution, influence, and impact on the political agenda of Spain
This article responds to the following research questions: How and why have victims of ETA’s terrorism in Spain become an interest group with significant influence on the political and legislative agenda of the country. The evolution of the associative movement of victims of terrorism is assessed ...
Violences of/in critical terrorism studies
This article makes a case that CTS scholarship is always, necessarily, and specifically paradigmatically violent, even if one adopts CTS’ critiques of “mainstream” terrorism studies and understands CTS scholars to be normatively well-intended. In making that case, this article goes over di...
War on terror 2.0: threat inflation and conflation of far-right and white supremacist terrorism after the capitol “Insurrection”
This article examines more than 100 scholarly, think-tank, government, and media reports and three data-sets and finds that since the 6 January 2021 Capitol “insurrection”, War on Terror (WoT) 2.0 is conflating far-right, white supremacist extremism (WSE), and other terminologies, which have...
Weak States, State Failure, and Terrorism
It is common to hear the assertion that weak or failed states are fertile ground for terrorism. Yet terrorist groups have emerged from, and operated within, countries which have strong, stable states and a variety of systems of government. Terrorist organizations operate in weak and failed states bu...
Striking Home: Ideal-Type of Terrorism
This essay presents some preliminary notes in an anthropological perspective on terrorism. The following aims to be a questioning review of issues that haunt informed students of terrorism, and yet also an introductory text to the study of terrorism. It is revisionist but didactic. The essay is base...
Counter-Terrorism: Lessons from the Malay Archipelago
Following the seminal terrorist attacks on 11 September 2001, the USA’s subsequent challenges in dealing with the threat of global terrorism and jihadist-inspired insurgencies in Iraq and Afghanistan led to a great deal of soul-searching. The critical self-examination that followed eventually led ...
Dangerous work: Terrorism against U.S. diplomats
The goal of diplomats is to represent their countries’ interests through diplomacy, not arms. Because they are not military personnel, they may be perceived as at lower risk of being the target of terrorists. However, recent events have called this perception into question. Despite this danger, t...
Editor's introduction: Terrorism and peace and conflict studies: investigating the crossroad
The articles in this special issue are drawn from papers presented at a conference titled Terrorism and Peace and Conflict Studies: Investigating the Crossroad. The conference was organised by the Conflict Analysis Research Centre at the University of Kent and the Critical Studies on Terrorism Worki...
Effects of Cultural Collectivism on Terrorism Favorability
Cultural orientation has long been known to play a substantial role in the decisions individuals make on a range of subjects. This research proposes that participation in acts defined as “terrorism” is strongly correlated to an individual’s cultural orientation to collective values. Drawing u...
Religion and Terrorism: Christian Fundamentalism and Extremism
The history and identity of fundamentalism is complex. Religious fundamentalism names an ideological perspective found in most, if not all, major religions and is currently associated with variant forms of extremism and religiously-motivated acts of violence, including terrorism. Following a discus...
The Criminalization of Online Terrorism Preparatory Acts Under International Law
Terrorist organizations increasingly resort to the Internet to promote terrorism, recruit new terrorists, plan and finance their operations. The paper first proposes a definition of terrorism, cyberterrorism, and online terrorism preparatory acts. It then analyses whether current binding internatio...
Rethinking State Capacity: Conceptual Effects on the Incidence of Terrorism
The civil conflict literature often relies on state capacity having significant impacts on the risk of, and duration of, civil war and other civil conflicts. Many characteristics of civil conflict are often similar to terrorism, especially domestic terrorism, and are also considered when discussi...
Terrorism and capital flows: the missed impact of terrorism in big cities
This study investigates the effects of four types of terrorist attacks on three types of capital flow. We extend the literature by introducing a new measure of terrorist attacks, namely ‘attacks in big cities’ and empirically investigate its impact on capital flow. Drawing from a sample of se...
Militarized Law Enforcement Forces, State Capacity and Terrorism
Gendarmerie forces are actively deployed by many states in the world to fight terrorism, but their impact on terrorism has not been explored. This study fills this gap in the literature and examines the effect that having gendarmerie forces has on terrorist activities in a state. I discuss competin...
“Frame, Fame and Fear Traps: The Dialectic of Counter-Terrorism Strategic Communication”
This paper explores the challenges and complexities navigated and negotiated in public facing counter-terrorism strategic communication campaigns. Informed by frame analysis of campaign assets, practitioner interviews and public focus groups, the discussion pivots around three high-profile UK pu...
Women defining terrorism: ethnonationalist, state, and machista terrorism
This article explores definitions of terrorism according to various women in the Basque regions of Spain and France. We ask how women in social movements and government institutions define terrorism, how terrorism influences them, and whether they are viewed as victims of violence and/or as politic...
How Did 9/11 Affect Terrorism Research? Examining Articles and Authors, 1970–2019
Terrorism research increased markedly after the attacks of September 11, 2001 (9/11). How has research on this subject changed in the past twenty years? I examine data on more than 6,000 academic articles on terrorism between 1970 and 2019, and the more than 1,500 authors of multiple articles. Th...
From Punishment to Pre-emption: The Changing Nature of Regional Organizations’ Legal Responses to Terrorism, 1990–2010
This article examines regional organizations’ antiterrorism efforts across the globe from 1990 until 2010. Empirically, it provides a comprehensive overview of the legal responses developed. Analytically, it determines long-term patterns and regional differences in these treaties, examines bon...
Does Democracy Decrease Fear of Terrorism?
Fear is an integral part of terrorism. Fighting fear can thus be a crucial part of counterterrorist policies. In the case of terrorism, citizens look to the state for protection. Yet, most studies of terrorist fear emphasize individual-level factors. We lack studies that link fear to features of th...
Domestic Terrorism and Sovereign Bond Ratings in the Developing World
Since the 1990s, credit rating agencies have played a prominent financial role in developing countries, rating their sovereign bonds and determining capital costs. Over much the same years, domestic terrorism has expanded, increasing market disruptions in countries. Despite the heightened costs r...
Fighting terrorism with nonviolence: an ideological perspective
This article explores the potential of using nonviolence as a counterideology against terrorism. I analyse the current scholarship on non violence and terrorism, highlighting that terrorist ideology is crucial but is not directly addressed by nonviolent scholars. I outline a different approach to n...
Government interference in religious institutions and terrorism
Many states have adopted policies that monitor or attempt to control religious institutions in various ways. This ranges from limiting foreignborn clerics to approving the sermons presented in these institutions. These policies are often justified as measures to limit religious strife or terrorism ...
How (not) to study terrorism
This article disputes the premise dominant in moral philosophy and the social sciences that a strict definition of terrorism is needed in order to evaluate and confront contemporary political violence. It argues that a definition of terrorism is not only unhelpful, but also impossible if the histori...
How terrorism ends – and does not end: the Basque case
This article examines the end of ETA (Euskadi ta Askatasuna “Euskadi and Freedom”) in the light of the literature on “how terrorism ends”. Was it the result of police repression, defeat, negotiation, elimination, tactical success? Was it the result of military failure but not defeat? What ro...
‘I’ll take two.’ Migration, terrorism, and the Italian military engagement in Niger and Libya
In January 2018, the Italian parliament approved a new military operation in Niger and an extension to the existing deployment in Libya. Italian leaders explicitly cast this as a ‘pivot’ to Africa, a ‘relocation of troops’ from Afghanistan and Iraq to the Sahel and Northern Africa. What fact...
India’s PSYWAR Against Islamic Terrorism: A Trident Strategy
Islamic terrorism in India has posed a formidable threat to India’s national security. A result of inimical state policies from India’s northwestern borders as well as home-grown radicalisation, it has developed into a threat that demands a multi-faceted approach in order to be contained. Coun...
Individual Motivations, The Group Process and Organisational Strategies in Suicide Terrorism
The phenomenon of suicidal terrorism is analysed here on three levels. The individual level considers the motivations, developmental phases, and temperamental predispositions that may foster the readiness to embark on suicidal missions. The group level considers the social infl uence processes, ...
Information terrorism: Political violence in the information age
Information warfare represents a threat to American national security and defense. There are two general methods in which a terrorist might employ an information terrorist attack: (1) when information technology (IT) is a target, and/or (2) when IT is the tool of a larger operation. The first method...
Introduction to the Special Issue: The Complexity of Terrorism—Victims, Perpetrators and Radicalization
This special issue examines the complex relationship between radicalization, victimhood. and political violence. The interrelatedness of victims and perpetrators has been long recognized in the fields of criminology and victimology but it is has been often ignored in the case of terrorism and politi...
Leaving terrorism behind? The role of terrorist attacks in shaping migration intentions around the world
Terrorism globally yields severe consequences for individuals and societies, potentially driving migration within and across borders. Yet, empirical evidence on its causal impact remains limited. The contribution of our paper is twofold. First, we construct various indicators of terrorist activity a...
Legacies of the Troubles: The Links between Organized Crime and Terrorism in Northern Ireland
One of the most important legacies of the “Troubles” in Northern Ireland and the ensuing 20 years post-peace-process era, heralded by the 1998 Good Friday Agreement, is the rise of complex and diverse Republican and Loyalist paramilitary groups engaging in acts of terrorism and a wide range of ...
Natural Resource Rents, Inequality, and Terrorism in Africa
This study examines the impact of natural resource rents on terrorism via inequality channel in 34 African economies, straddling the period 1980–2012. This study employs a negative binomial regression, in which the following findings are established: first, the unconditional impact of natural ...
Old myths, new fantasies and the enduring realities of terrorism
In the introductory chapters to the three editions of my The Politics of Terrorism (Stohl, 1979, pp. 1–19; 1983, pp. 1–22; 1988a, pp. 1–30), I explored what I first identified as eight and eventually ten myths of terrorism as a tool for confronting existing knowledge claims about terrorism. Th...
Orthodox, criticals and the missing context: Basque civil society's reaction(s) to terrorism
The emergence of the school of Critical Terrorism Studies has been attributed to the lack of contextualisation of research on terrorism, primarily, the virtual absence of the state and its role in instigating, funding or promoting terrorism. While this is a much needed development, this article empl...
Secrecy, coercion and deception in research on ‘terrorism’ and ‘extremism’
This article calls for more understanding of the ethical challenges and dilemmas that arise as a result of state involvement in academic research on ‘terrorism’ and ‘extremism’. It suggests that researchers and research institutions need to be more attentive to the possibilities of co-optio...
Spatial analysis of aerial remote sensing responses in the hotspot of terrorist attacks in Nigeria
Ensuring a peaceful society has been the focus of different countries of the world. This has been jeopardized by the constant attacks from different terrorist groups, which has made some areas become the hotspot of terrorist attacks. Various techniques including remote sensing technology have be...
Sri Lankan Terrorism: Assessing and Responding to the Threat of the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE)
aylor and Francis Ltd GPPR112102.sgm 10.1080/15614260500121195 Police Practice and Research 1561-4263 (print)/1477-271X (online) Original Article 2005 Taylor & Francis Group Ltd 62000000May 2005 CécileVan de Voorde Department of CriminologyUniversity of South Florida4202 East Fowler Avenue, SOC...
Strengthening Protection and Support for Victims of Terrorism in Criminal Proceedings in Afghanistan
Afghanistan faces significant challenges as it seeks to emerge from thirty years of civil war and insurgent violence and promote lasting peace and security. Terrorist incidents, which have increased dramatically since 2004, continue to pose a major threat to security, destabilizing governance and ...
Terrorism, Insurgency, and Regional Stability: The Case of Mozambique
Since the end of the Cold War in the late 1980s, the southern Africa region has been characterised by the near absence of terrorism. In central, eastern, northern, and western Africa, internal armed conflicts have emerged at one point or another in the postcolonial period, while southern Africa is...
Terrorism, Lawmaking, and Democratic Politics: Legislators as Security Actors
Counterterrorist law is all too often made in a rushed, reactive, and repetitious way, marginalizing the deliberative, critical, and democratic functions of legislatures and leading to outcomes that later prove to be unconstitutional and counter-productive for public security. Using a political soci...
TERRORISM AND DETERRENCE POLICY WITH TRANSNATIONAL SUPPORT
10.1080/10242690701505419 Defence and Peace Economics 1024-2694 (print)/1476-8267 (online) Original Article 2007 Taylor & Francis 000 27 MakotoKakinaka kakinaka@iuj.ac.jp This study provides an explanation of terrorism by examining interactions between the terrorist group with a minority as a po...
Terrorism as an Academic Subject after 9/11: Searching the Internet Reveals a Stockholm Syndrome Trend
The 11 September 2001 event was a turning point in the assessment of terrorism as a phenomenon and added a new dimension to the evaluation of terrorism as an academic subject. New academic courses dealing with various aspects of terrorism evolved, mostly in American universities, and more discipline...
The effects of social media on domestic terrorism
Much qualitative research has drawn an association between social media and domestic terrorism, with the studies reaching different conclusions. However, few empirical studies have evaluated whether the surge in social media participation affects domestic terrorist events. Controlling for common exp...
The ethics of counter-terrorism
For the minimalist there are no rules, no uniforms, no front line, no inhibitions or limitations, no territory to defend. So the minimalist can choose where and when to strike; he can appear and disappear, cloaking himself in the darkness of the underworld. For those that oppose him, the difficul...
The Role of Safe Havens in Islamist Terrorism
This article will develop an explanatory theory on terrorist safe havens. Focusing on Islamist Terrorist networks, this article argues that four specific conditions are necessary for the establishment of a safe haven for Islamist terrorist networks: geographic features, weak governance, history of c...
The tripod of terrorism
Violent attacks against innocent civilians occurring on an everyday and global basis have intensified the discourse on terrorism. However, like pornography, terrorism seems readily recognizable but hard to define. The designation is applied to the destructive acts of religious zealots, mentally unst...
The welfare cost of terrorism
Data from 117 countries over the period 2006 to 2011 are used to estimate a macroeconomic cross-country system of equations that examines the association between terrorism, self-reported life satisfaction, and national income. Results indicate that terrorism is negatively associated with life satis...
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